When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemmas in Research In considering the articles we read this week, it is my opinion that the single most important ethical dilemma raised was a violation of autonomy caused by either a lack of informed consent or in the case of the Willowbrook hepatitis studies, consent that was obtained through somewhat questionable practices. The Tuskegee Syphilis subjects were not informed at all that they would be denied treatment, in fact, they were implicitly lied to by the leaders of their community and lead to believe that they were going to get free medical care, blood tests and examinations. (Munson Lague, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen" essay for you Create order In the case of Willowbrook, the research subjects were both mentally incapable of consent and below the age of consent, so the researchers appealed to the parents of the children. While they were initially informed of the nature of the experiment and given time to consider and consult with psychiatrists and their own physicians during the latter part of the experiment, when admissions were restricted because of overcrowding, parents were told the only way they could get their child into Willowbrook was by admitting their child into the Hepatitis Research Unit and the study. Parents were led to believe that the research would lead to better health and better care for their children because they would be isolated from other endemic illnesses at Willowbrook and gain protection against Hepatitis itself. (Munson Lague, 2008) Without all of the necessary information and available options, participants and their proxies could not give informed consent, therefore their autonomy was violated . In consideration of this, neither study should have been conducted even though there were good things that came out of the Willowbrook study. In both research projects, harm was caused to both sets of participants however, only one deliberately withheld available effective treatment. Krugman intentionally infected children with hepatitis and justified this action by saying that they wouldve gotten it anyway because almost everyone at Willowbrook gets it eventually. (Munson Lague, 2008) As it turned out, infecting the children with hepatitis did in fact protect them to some degree. In the Tuskegee study, not only were the subjects lied to and not treated, the whole intent of the project was not to find a cure, but to find out if syphilis affected black people the same way as it did white people. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee study was a catalyst for the passage of the 1974 National Research Act. It changed the way research using human subjects with federal funding would be carried out by requiring that Institutional Review Boards be created to oversee ethical applications. It also required written informed consent allowing the use of a persons cells and tissues for research, laid out parameters that determine if a project is legitimate from an ethical standpoint and it distinguished research from practice. These parameters were respect for persons, beneficence and justice. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee experiments did not take all of these parameters into account. Participants were chosen specifically because of their race and they were poor and easily enticed to participate by offers of free care and treatment. In 1986, Saul Krugman explained in further detail about the ethical concerns of the Willowbrook experiment in an article titled The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. He brought up several issues that I did not learn from our textbook. When Willowbrook was initially returned back to the NYS Office of Mental Hygiene after World War II, the initial residents to move in were transferred from Wassaic School and Letchworth Village, two other state schools for developmentally and physically disabled children that were also suffering from severe overcrowding and endemic diseases. (Krugman, 1986) The hepatitis strain prevalent in Willowbrook was able to be traced back to Wassaic. The majority of the children were severely mentally retarded and not toilet trained; this combined with overcrowding, offered little to no control over the spread of disease, including hepatitis. At one point, a letter had been sent to 5000 parents in an attempt to have parents bring their chi ld home instead of leaving them in Willowbrook, which resulted in 2 children going home. This was one of several failed attempts to ease overcrowding and control the spread of hepatitis. Krugmans study procedures included a one year long epidemiological survey, physical examinations and collection of serum specimens which were kept in a freezer. (Krugman, 1986) Normally the samples wouldve been discarded however, it would be almost 2 decades before the researchers realized the significance of this action. Enough evidence was produced in the survey to believe that admission to Willowbrook equated to eventual infection with hepatitis A. (Krugman, 1986) After the survey, it was decided to purposely infect children in the hopes of learning to control the incidence of hepatitis, provide some immunity to the children and ultimately develop a vaccine. In regard to obtaining parental consent, as we know from the weeks readings, initially all information about the study was disseminated to individual parents of the children but later the researchers adopted a group method which Krugman stated had a better response. Parents first met with a social worker who explained the project in detail and if they agreed, the parents came to a group session where they met Dr. Giles, nursing staff, attendants and the psychiatric social workers and other physicians interested in the project. (Krugman, 1986) The purpose of the group meetings was to explain in detail the benefits, hazards, and a question and answer period followed by a tour of the facility. (Krugman, 1986) A follow up contact was made a few weeks after the meeting and if parents consented, their child was enrolled. He pointed out that both the guidelines they used in their study and their methods for obtaining informed consent were similar to guidelines established years after the study began. I noticed in Krugmans article, he did not make mention of telling parents that the only way to have their child admitted to Willowbrook after new admissions were halted was to admit them into the Hepatitis Research Unit and enroll them into the study. If this truly happened, then it could be argued that the parents were victims of subtle coercion. An unintended discovery from the Willowbrook study was that there were actually 2 strains of hepatitis prevalent in the school; MS-1, (hepatitis A), and MS-2 (hepatitis B). Krugman retested serum samples that had been frozen during the epidemiological study after the Australia antigen was discovered in 1969 and was able to confirm evidence of exposure to both strains. The recommendation from the Commission on Viral Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board that the studies be continued was based on this information. (Krugman, 1986) Krugman maintained that the sole reason for conducting their studies at Willowbrook was because hepatitis was prevalent there and the motive was to protect the children and learn about the disease. Knowledge gained because of the Willowbrook studies ultimately had a positive effect for a large portion of society. Along with learning that there are 2 strains of hepatitis, researchers learned how it was spread and that immune globulin can prevent Hepatitis B. In addition, research showed that a 1:10 mixture of boiled MS-2 serum in distilled water provided some degree of protection against Hepatitis B. (Krugman, 1986) Knowledge gained also eventually led to development of inactivated vaccines from the plasma of patients known to be carriers of hepatitis B. References Krugman, S. (1986). The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 157-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4453816 Munson, R., Lague, I. (2008). Intervention Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Analysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club - 1637 Words

Relationships define a connection between two beings, whether it be through blood, friendship, or romance. In most cases, the first group that people experience is with their families. The kinship people are born into comes with ups and downs, which may cause a rift between both parties. Thus, maintaining a seamless connection may become a struggle between two dissimilar individuals, â€Å"Like many relationships, we have our struggles, our misunderstandings, and our miscommunications. We are very different people, but also very similar at the same time† (Goreski). Amy Tan, an author of numerous novels, understands the battle of relationships, especially between culturally diverse mothers and daughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novel demonstrate how crucial communication is to her, specifically between a mother and daughter. In The Joy Luck Club, four women from China move to San Francisco to escape from their pasts. Their American-born daughters, however, seem to not comprehend why their mothers act and think the way they do. As the story unravels, the daughters and mothers come to understand each other. 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The Performance Improvement Plan Preparing an Effective Plan 5. On-the-Job Coaching The Effective Coach Coaching Approaches and Techniques 6. Five Program Requirements An Effective Performance Review Program Posttest Test Answers and Reasons for

Child Care Center and Development

Question: Identify at least three ways how a child care center could be financed and explain how each may impact the financial management plan of the business. Discuss, in terms of applying these general concepts to your child care site how financing and management plan may or may not help you as a director of a child care development center. Critically analyze how the cash flow tutorial and record keeping forms that you completed can benefit a center director. Answer: Introduction: The two articles have used as a reference for gaining the knowledge regarding the starting and development of childcare center. The first article taken show the ways in which a childcare center is marketed and promoted and bring out various ways in which a childcare business sold. The article provides with the ways in which the childcare center would be financed by preparing a proper financial packages and funding methods. In addition, the current approach of funding the childcare center is suffering from various flaws and one of the reasons is low level of financing. In order to establish the center, there is a need to analyze the current funding system and propose a reform of center financing to suit the starters. Discussion: The childcare center could be financed using a combination of financing mechanism, which would raise enough money for running a quality childcare center (Makowiecki et al., 2012). A business proposal is needed when starting a new business and it would display a comprehensive budget needed for the operation of the business. The three ways in which a childcare center could be financed is a) through federal funding and this would include subsidy program for the working poor families. This would help poor families to prepare for school and life. b) The private sources contribute more than 55% to the expenditures concerning childcare. So private expenditures sources is another way of raising fund and it has no legal limit on the amount borrowed and as compared to the commercial sources it is much flexible. c) Funds can also be accessed through financial institution (Moore Johnson, 2015) The management and financing plan is of great help to the directors in carrying out the day-to-day operation activities and it would provide the director with the estimated income and expenses and their realistic projection. This would help in allocating the funds properly and according to priority. Moreover, he would be able to source the income generation (Strandell, 2012). Cash flow tutorial would help the director in determining the financial condition of the business and it would be possible for him to make a prediction regarding the cash flow of the business in the long run. Whether the business needs adjust the service or price of the product can be depicted through cash flow. In addition, the record maintenance would enable the business to operate efficiently. It would help the director to deal with the tax related issues and fringe benefits from tax return and sound business decision is taken if there is a track of the stakeholders of the company or business(Bonoli, 2013). Here, one of the points in notion is that the directors need to make projections not just for the cash on books but also on the actual flow of cash. The difference between the actual and the estimated value also needs to be projected and the realistic parameter needs to be considered rather than the theoretical one. Another point is to be taken in mind by the director is that t he actual cost of execution needs to be projected than going to the revenue as per the book opportunities. Conclusion: After researching the two articles several recommendations is made regarding the financing of childcare center and it provides the directors with several strategies. The financing of the center needs the attention of the government and funding by them needs to be expanded. The modeling of the proposal should be done to raise the needed funds and this would help in estimating the revenue and costs, which would enable to offset the cost. Reference: Bonoli, G. (2013).The origins of active social policy: Labour market and childcare policies in a comparative perspective. OUP Oxford. Moore, Q., Johnson, A. (2015). Is there a need for more school-based health centers in low-income neighborhoods?.Health Policy Research newsletter,10(3). Strandell, H. (2012). Policies of early childhood education and care. InThe Modern Child and the Flexible Labour Market(pp. 222-240). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Taguma, M., Litjens, I., Makowiecki, K. (2012).Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Finland. OECD Publishing. 2, rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.

Elections Essay Example For Students

Elections Essay 1.Elections in the eyes of the youth like you?The presidency is the most important office in the land. Thepresident is not just a political leader. He is expected to be the rolemodel for us and for our children. ..That is why in our culture, except during the time of President Coryand now GMA, we call him Ama ng Bansa, the father of the nation. Hischildren and his many subordinates disobey or rebel when he does not actlike the father of the nation he is supposed to be. Election is very bloody I could say because of the violence happeninghappen when the election is coming near, everybody who are running wants towin the position they are running for.Its nice to have the election to beclean and no violence or harm done to anyone. No death and life is lostjust because of the position . As we know leaders have our future so we must pick the right one,forthey will decide for us what will the future of the citizen of our countrywe should also pick the one whom we know will lead us to development andfor the better of the citizen of the people whom he needs to serve. ..How the May 14 elections turn out may determine whether we as anation deserve what we call People Power IIthat mountain-peak experiencelast January for which we have been applauded by the New York Times andother reputable publications all over the world. ..I believe that you, as graduates, have no right to dream of a brighterfuture in the years to come unless you are prepared, in light of theseevents, to work and fight for a better present, a better country, not inthe remote future but in the next few weeks. ..If those whom we elect to high office this coming May are qualified,competent, morally upright, and dedicated, we can expect competent, honestgovernance from them. And you who graduate today can look forward to abetter future where it is not whom you know but what you know and what youcan do that will really matter. 2.The kind of leader you want for our country?Characteristics of a LeaderThink of some important leaders youknow,whether they are good or bad. They may be ancient, modern, made-up, orreal. There are certain characteristics that make them a good leader, and,in the same line, a bad leader. In my opinion, the three most importantgood qualities of leader are honor, loyalty, and putting the people aheadof you. The first of these qualities, honor, is required because you wantyour people to trust you. Besides that, you want other leaders, from othernations to trust you. If you were dishonorable no one would trust you andshame you, and therefore shame your nation. The second of these qualitiesis loyalty. If you werent loyal, then no one would trust you also. Youwould be dishonored, and probably disowned. The last of these qualitiesis putting the people (your entourage) ahead of yourself. If doingsomething will benefit the good of your country, but may not benefityourself as much, you should do what helps your country, even if it meansdying for them. These are the most important, but not all of, thequalities you need to be a leader. If you have these three and nothingelse, you would still go down in history as a great leader. The youth is the hope of the motherland so says Dr.Jose P.Rizal. Do youreally think that theres still hope for our country ? Considering theattitudes ,mentality of the youths today?I still balieva that there is still hope until there is life therestill hope, its like trying and failing ,try and fail, try and fail, tryand fail, but the truth is you fail when you have stopped trying. .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .postImageUrl , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:visited , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:active { border:0!important; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:active , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Promoting the Erie Canal EssayAnd we youth are together we believe that we can everything with thehelp of God, and all can be lost but not hope ,because when you have losthope it just tells that you have stopped the faith and belief in your selfits like killing yourself,because you are not putting on mind and it provesthat you have self focus and you do not put anything,but its really hard tothink of hope when you set in yourself that there can be no more to expectbut loose. I think the youth today

Understand the Expected Pattern free essay sample

Enjoys playing with other people and might get upset when the person stops intereacting with them Expressive and tries to communicate using there face and body Physical Development Supports upper body with arms when laying on the stomach Opens and shuts there hands Grasps and shakes hand toys Tries to hit dangerling objects with hands 6 months Able to follow moving objects with there eyes Reach for objects and pick them up Recognize familiar faces they see Will try helping to hold there bottle when feeding Social and Emotional Development Enjoys interacting with people during play Takes an interest in mirror images Responds to peoples expressions e. g if the adult is pulling funny faces the infant will smile and appear happy. Physical Development Rolls over onto there back and front Tries to support there body weight on there legs using objects/furniture for balance Can transfer an object from one hand to another Cognitive Development Finds partially hidden objects Explores with hands and mouth Language Development Responds to own name Can tell your emotion by the tone in your voice e. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand the Expected Pattern or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page if your happy or sad with them Babbles and makes sounds 1 year old Turn towards a noise they can hear Imitate speech sounds and experiment different noises they can make with there mouth for example blowing rasberries They are trying to crawl using there arms to drag them Start being able to wave bye bye Stand briefly without any support Copys adults using the telephone or a cup Social and Emotional Development Becomes shy and nervous around people they dont know Cry when parents leave them Finger feeds themselves Extends arms and legs when being dressed Copys sounds and gestures to get attention Physical Development Attempts to sit up without any support Pulls themselves up to stand Walks holding on to furniture Might walk a couple of steps without support Stands by themselves without any support Uses a pincer grasp to hold small objects Puts objects into containers e. g shape sorters Language Development Responds to â€Å"no† and shake there head to â€Å"no† Says â€Å"Dada† and â€Å"Mama† Tries to copy words. 2 years Can use 2 to word sentances and say about 50 words or more They can kick a ball Walk forwards and backwards They can create marks on paper using pencils, crayons and paintbrushes They can identify different parts of there bodys like eyes, ears, hands, feet hair, nose and they can point to them Social and Emotional Development Mimics behaviour of other children or adults Becomes more independent willing to do things themselves like toileting or putting shoes and coats on Becoming aware of themselves when around other people as a separate individual Physical Development Can run, walk and stand on tiptoe Enjoys climbing up and down items such as furniture Carries large toys or items whilst walking Cognitive Development Enjoys hidden objects game like hide and seek with toys Interacting with other children in role play Can sort shapes out and separate different colours Language Development Can join in with matching games or snap cards Follow and takes in simple instruction like follow the leader Repeats words that have have been said in a conversation 3 Years Old Social and Emotional Development Enjoys playing with other children for a few minutes or have a couple of close friends they play with They join in with games that involve taking turns Understand that an item or toy belongs to somebody else and that we share Expresses affection by holding hands or hugging Can separate abit more easier from parents Physical Development Throws a ball overhand They understand the concept of riding bikes and can put it into motion Can walk up and down stairs knowing to put one foot per stair step Enjoys climbing such as climbing frames or trees Cognitive Development They can complete puzzles with 3 or 4 pieces They become very imaginative and make up stories Make mechanical toys work without being shown Language Development They can say there name there age and if there a boy or girl Understand the concept of â€Å"on† â€Å"in† and â€Å"under† e. g the chair is under the table 4 Years old Social and Emotional Development Plays role play games where they are the parents Enjoys role play games where they can dress up and play the role of a character or person they are dressed up as Alot more independent and able to do things for themselves Imagines that things they cant see like in dark cupboards or unfamiliar objects might be a monster They cant always make the difference between reality and fantasy like something they see on t. thats in a cartoon they think it is real Physical Development Can go up and downstairs without any help Catches bounced ball games most of the time Can hop and stand on one leg for up to 5 seconds Can sometimes dress themselves without any help Cognitive Development Can correctly name some of the colours Understand the concept of the â€Å"same† and different Understands the concepts of counting and can name some numbers They can recall parts of a story Language Development They can tell stories Speaks clearly enough to strangers for them to understand whats been said 5 years Old Social and Emotional Development They want to please there friends and want to be liked by there friends Enjoys acting and sing amp; dance They are aware of boys and girls They are able to understand that things in cartoons arent real Physical Development They can stand on one foot for longer than 10 seconds They can hop, skip, run, jump, swing and climb They can use a knife,fork and spoon They can draw people with bodies They can draw around objects or use stencils Cognitive Development They can count 10 or more objects Have more of an understanding of time and place They can say there name and address Language Development Tell longer stories and more imagination Uses future tense in conversation 6- 12 years old Social and Emotional Development Easily upset by things not fair or right Can talk to themselves to make them calm down They have an anxiety, self conscious issues about physical and sexual changes to there body Become very sensitive to critcism and correction They get a strong need to belong to a family or peer group Increasing sense of right and wrong and societal rules Physical Development They get growth spurts They get more of an appetite and become picky eaters Sexual characteristic begin to develop Bone growth is faster then muscle development Pre-teen girls tend to be more advanced then boys Intellectual Development Extremely curious to whats going on around them Know the difference between real and imaginary things Loves bathroom talk Eager to solve real life problems At the age of 11-12 they may be arguments as they develop and are able to do chores without reminding or supervision 13 19 years Old Social and Emotional Development Have a need of belonging and want to be around there peer group Conflict between parent grow they might push you away for there attempt to be more independent They value what peers have to say and increase there affection and approval Challenge limits setting and parents judgement Physical Development Puberty has begun or been achieved Self doubt and awkwardness with growth spurts have appeared Hormonal and brain development continues Ref: www. mychildithoutlimits. org www. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk www. attachmentparenting. ca www. yolofostercare. com/reading/childdevelopmentmilestone

Anabolic Steriods essays

Anabolic Steriods essays A new form of drug abuse is spreading in the nations gyms and health clubs among men and women seeking physical dexterity rather than a narcotic high. Anabolic Steroids are man made versions of the human testosterone, which aids growth of muscles, bone and skin. The use of Anabolic Steroids has greatly increased over the past few years (since 1991). It has been mainly among young teenage boys, but now its becoming popular among the young teenage girls as well. Theyre legally prescribed for things such as treating delayed puberty, but theyre often illegally obtained by athletes trying to build muscle mass. Young athletes who mess with anabolic steroids to build muscle mass are messing up their bodies, big time. Doctors agree that there becomes an increase in strength, but it also comes at a very serious price. Males usually face premature balding, impotence, reduce sperm count, breast enlargement and shrunken testicles, and in harsh cases, there is sometimes the affect of aggressive behavior. Physicians say that men use the steroids more than women because the results are visible in just weeks rather than spending months or even years in drug-free training to gain substantial muscle bulk in their arms, chest and legs. Teenage boys have been drawn to anabolic steroids recently to attract the eye on young women. Its the deal of would you rather be Clark Kent, or Superman? They do it for cosmetic reasons; they want to walk into a room and see peoples jaws drop. Researchers say that its the old story of the kid getting sand kicked in his face and the guy with the big arms and chest coming by and stealing his girlfriend that has some truth to it. Adolescent girls can face abnormalities of their menstrual cycle, stunted height, severe acne, shrinkage of the breasts male hair growth, male-patterned baldness and deepening of the voice. More and more y ...

STrategies for Special Populations in CTE Assignment

STrategies for Special Populations in CTE - Assignment Example This part further highlights a few legislations concerning learners from the special population. It highlights four students James, John, Marie and Sarah who have pertinent problems and are special population learners. If left unattended to, learners from this category are at high risk of not graduating or becoming useful members of the workforce. Teaching special population learners using conventional means without understanding their condition works. Special strategies must be used in order for them to learn and or become useful members of the workforce. Yes. I have had a misconception that students who are inattentive in class often dozing off as not serious in their learning outcomes. This view obviously is incorrect as students with this type of problems often tend to belong to the special population. This part focuses on teaching strategies. It begins by highlighting elements that foster success in students. These elements include helping students monitor their progress, setting up clear discipline rules, recognizing student’s achievement, etc. This module next introduces the concept of instructional "Backpack". Instructional backpack includes setting up instruction plans, motivational teaching and how to get students in learning group. Next, types of instructions used by CTE are outlined. These include direct instructions, small group instructions and differentiated instructions. Direct instruction incorporates the whole class and often will use the lecture technique. Small group instruction involves flexible grouping and cooperative learning. Differentiated learning is a one on one form of relaying instruction to the student. This module further moves to what turns off students. These include poor visuals from the instructor, unclear structure of the lesson, disruptive habits such as constantly looking at your watch etc. What turns on students is also highlighted. Instructor enthusiasm, clearly written

E-commerce Initiative by Competing Firms Term Paper

E-commerce Initiative by Competing Firms - Term Paper Example The researcher states that commerce is often a basic economic activity that mostly involves trading or the buying and selling of goods and services. During the early days, businesses were mostly conducted face to face for example a customer would enter a bookshop, examines the books, and pays for them. In order to fulfill the customer requirements, the bookshop needs to carry out other transactions and business functions such as to process the payment. However, with the advancement in technology whose aim is to cover a larger market segment, the question is whether the commercial transactions and business functions can be carried out electronically in a more successful manner. E-commerce is therefore an important activity a firm can venture into if it wants to be successful. Thus in E-commerce there is no paperwork or personal contact. In order for a firm to be successful, it must look back to what used to be done to the traditional business, how management used to operate in those t imes and the information technology that was applied. Moreover, the company needs to evaluate its business environment and other factors such as corporate strategies, her business structure, and the resources available for the business. Ecommerce has lately changed the economy and affecting most companies on how they transact their business. Today, it is clear that no company can ignore ecommerce as it has been a more effective method of doing business and more convenient to even customers. Business strategy is a long term plan on how a given company will get enough profit to keep it in operation. However, this can be possible if the given company if the given ecommerce strategy would be able to implement the given activity in the most efficient way. Ritesh believes that for a successful ecommerce strategy, the company must consider their relationship with the consumer. Most often, the business owners neglect their relationship with the buyer and in so doing, they would be losing cu stomers. Therefore, good customer service online goes hand in hand to retaining customers as the sole aim of a business is to make a profit that depends on retaining and acquiring new customers. Moreover, supply chain management is also essential in a successful online business as it ensures good communication between the business and the consumer (98). The four companies use ecommerce which has made them take advantage of tools and techniques being provided in the ecommerce websites such as the shopping cart, use of video that are more cost effective and easier to implement by the organization. However, they have adopted in the use of business strategies due to the much competition amongst themselves. Safaricom, Zain, Orange, and Yu mobile service providers have come up with different strategies in order to gain a competitive edge over the other. 1.1 Costs The four firms located in the same environment have mostly been successful in Kenya where they have looked for ways to gain a c ompetitive advantage over them. This strategy aims at a firm becoming the lowest production company in a given industry. However, it is never an easy way so it calls for nice planning on how to do it. In the past companies often had to deal with the issue of competition with either increasing their sales or by decreasing cost in order to

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such Term Paper

American president wilson's fourteen ponits and the importance of such a plan for the world - Term Paper Example The 14 points from Wilson’s speech were a general outline of any treaty the U.S. would sign. This outline included diplomacy must be open, free international waters, world trade encouraged through lowered economic barriers, low army upkeep, colonial claims adjusted, the new territorial boundaries that returned land to Russia, Belgium, France, and Italy, Turkey and Poland would become sovereign nations, Austria-Hungary should have free autonomous development, Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated by Central Powers, and a league of Nations should be formed (Wilson 1917). All of these suggestions, along with reparations and other demands by England and France came about, except for the League of Nations. Wilson was a man before his time, because the U.N. would form after WWII. In 1917, the world was not ready for a global body of like the U.N., or the League of Nations. The 14 points was also used as propaganda to help bolster Wilson’s war and to give the Germans a message. The message given must have been the right one, since Germany surrendered without being totally overrun like in WWII. The United States wanted these points to be addressed in any treaty discussed. The Versailles Treaty’s harsh measures were due to England, France, and other negotiating countries. America did go along with these harsh terms, not realizing the oppressive terms would lead to

QA Systems in Upscale Hotels

QA Systems in Upscale Hotels Quality assurance systems are an important element of any business strategy. As Porter (1985 and 2004) suggests, quality is now seen as a major force for gaining competitive advantage, particularly with the consumer. There is no commercial activity where this is more important than in the hotel sector. As Yavas et al (1995) state, the question is no longer whether to have quality assurance programmes, but rather how to make these programmes work,  within this sector of hospitality. It can be argued that in terms of quality assurance systems delivery the hotel sector is in a distinctive position, particularly when it is related to service satisfaction (Parasuraman 1997, Schiffman and Kanuk 2000). Unlike most other industries, where customer contact and engagement during a visit might be fleeting, as happens in retail shop environment, a hotels interaction with customers can last from a few hours to several days. Furthermore, as Kandampully et al (2001, p.28) the quality of the hotel product also has to take into account the customer-to-customer interactions. Following a brief literature review, the intention of this essay is to examine quality assurance systems and evaluate the effect that these systems have upon service quality and customer satisfaction within the upscale Hotel market. Quality assurance and management within the hotel environment is focused upon satisfying the customer. Therefore, this review concentrates on the existing literature relating to customer satisfaction and the various methods and frameworks of service quality related to this focus. Academic literature relating to customer satisfaction falls within two main categories, these being the psychological perceptions of the customer and the practical ways in which customer satisfaction can be implemented to help a business achieve its objectives. In the hotel sector, this objective is to try and engender a high level of customer satisfaction in order to positively influence our customers repurchasing and communicative behaviour   (Hennig-Thurau and Hassen (2000, p.62). However, to achieve this aim the business has to understand what drives customer satisfaction. Christopher (1984), Holbrook (1999), Schiffmand and Kanuk 2000 and Brennen (2003) all agree that satisfaction is related to the consumers perception or judgement of a product experience and value when set against their expectations and the payment made. Zeithamls (1998, p.14) describes it as follows, being that   Perceived value is the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product based on perceptions of what is received and what is given †¦ value represents a trade-off of the salient give and get components  , in other words the cost paid is measured against the value expected . Therefore, it can be suggested that the greater the service quality the higher the satisfaction (Kandampully et al. 2001, p.8) and, conversely, the higher the price the greater the perception of value. Bostepe (2007) further identifies that, within a service environment such as a hotel, consumer satisfaction does not simply rely upon the quality of service satisfaction received from business employees, although this is an essential element. The physical environment, for example the dà ©cor, bedrooms and other facilities offered, are also elements of the consumers perceived value and service satisfaction. If any of these are deemed as sub-standard, particularly when related to the price paid, this will reduce the customers enjoyment and levels of satisfaction. It follows therefore that only by concentration upon providing quality within all of these areas of the product will the business be able to assure satisfaction and encourage customer loyalty (Holbrook 1999, p.121), which Porter (1998), Parasuraman (1997) Agrawal (2000) and Harrison (2003) all agree is essential to competitive advantage. There are numerous quality assurance measurement systems and standards available for use within the business environment. Customer feedback is one such measurement. Client feedback can be achieved by two methods. The first way is to provide questionnaires that hotel guests are asked to complete before the end of their stay. The second is to rely upon externally conducted questionnaires, interviews and polls, which can be conducted on a continuous basis. However, whilst comments and responses provided by customers may act as a good testimonial for the business (Porter 1998, p.1478), these systems have their drawbacks. In addition to the fact that not all customers might respond, the design of the process itself is often flawed (Kandampully et al 2001) and can therefore be misinterpreted. For example, a simple complaints procedure would not necessarily identify areas of quality success. Secondly, these feedback processes tend to lack definition. Their use may therefore be inhibited by the fact that they do not provide management with sufficient detail to be able to locate and resolve the specific areas of the business where deficiency of service quality is occurring. Furthermore, a system of continuous surveys adds to the business administration costs and, in addition, raises the inherent issue of sampling (Visit Britain 2008 b). Evidence of these limitations can be seen in a recent survey conducted by Visit Britain (2008 a) (see figu re 1). Figure 1 Customer hotel choice determinants   Source: Visit Britain (2008 a, p.11)  Whilst it is clearly apparent from these results that customer satisfaction in related to encouraging loyalty and retention, as well as being inherently useful in turning existing customers into promotional tools for the hotel, this does not provide management with a detailed analysis of the areas where satisfaction has been achieved or denote what areas were not satisfying.  To provide detailed quality service observations therefore, a more robust quality assurance system is required and most of these are based upon variations of the Total Quality Management (TQM) system (Dotchin and Oakland 1994 and Ziethaml et al 2000). These methods are designed to assess and monitor the level of quality being maintained throughout all areas of the business process and its supply chain, from an internal as well as external viewpoint. One such variation, particularly applicable to the hotel industry, is the SERVQUAL method, which originated from the works of Parasuraman et al (1991). Kandampully et al (2001, p.68) observe that many academics and practical studies have used SERVQUAL as a true measure of customer service and that it has been extensively applied (Shahin 2005, p.4) in service based organisations. Amongst these service industries will be included the hospitality and hotel sector of the tourism industry. Despite the fact that recent researches have sought to extend the elements of quality measurement with the SERVQUAL model, fundamentally it is still based upon the level of quality assurance to be measured and gained within five key sectors of the business processes, which are: Tangibles Physical facilities, equipment and appearance of personnel. Reliability Ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Responsiveness Willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Assurance (including competence, courtesy, credibility and security). Knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Empathy (including access, communication, understanding the customer). Caring and individualized attention that the firm provides to its customers. Source: Sahney et al 2004 The SERVQUAL measurement can be used internally, through measurement against preset quality assurance standards such as the ISO 9001 Quality certification process (BSI 2008) and the Star Rating system operated by Visit Britain (2008) in conjunction with the Automobile Association. In this case the hotel services and processes are measured against pre-determined sets of quality criterion and monitored at least annually by those who regulate these standards. The internal quality assurance programme is also complemented by external consumer questionnaires and interview surveys. The SERVQUAL quality assurance method has been in existence for some years and is tried and tested  (Shahin 2005, p.5), making it a firm favourite within the hotel service industry, where managers are comfortable and confident with the outcomes of these measurements. An element of SERVQUAL that is considered particularly important in this respect is the fact that the system and its measurements are monitored and updated on a regular basis (Holbrook (1999), Sahney et al (2004) and Boztepe (2007)), for example annually (Shahin 2005, p.6). Both ISO 9001 and the Star Rating systems conform to these determinants. As will be seen from the following analysis, the quality assurance systems applied to the hotel in terms of both the internal industry Star Rating and external SERVQUAL systems are virtually synonymous in terms of the standards and factors they rely upon for measurement. To maintain their perception as upscale or 5 star hotels, in each of these cases the hotel will have to achieve much higher levels of standards. 4.1 Star Rating system  Although the Star Rating system is formatted in a slightly different way to SERVQUAL, the quality elements of this process are still graded in a similar manner. The main difference is the fact that there are minimum quality requirements before the hotel will even be considered for a rating. However, even these equate to the tangible element of the SERVQUAL system (figure 2).  Figure 2 Minimum entry requirements   Source (Visit Britain 2005, p.8)  Once the minimum entry requirements have been met, to assess which star level is applicable to the establishment independent inspectors will monitor five quality bands and award a quality percentage to each. These percentages determine what rating the establishment has achieved (figure 3). Figure 3 Quality bands for star rating Star rating Bands One star 30-46% Two stars 47-54% Three stars 55-69% Four Stars 70-84% Five Stars 85-100% Source: Visit Britain (2005, p.6) Furthermore, this standard of quality has to be achieved across a range of five product elements, which include cleanliness, service, food quality, bedrooms and bathrooms. Simply complying in one of the areas is not sufficient to earn the highest star. Therefore, if the hotel fails to achieve the required 85-100% standards during an annual monitoring it risks its rating being downgraded to four stars or a lower standard. For instance, in the example shown below (figure 4), despite the fact that the hotel being monitored has achieved the five star requirements in three of the five bands, its failures in the other two would demote it to a four star hotel. Figure 4 Quality bank achievement Level Standard 1 2 3 4 5 Cleanliness X Service X Food quality X Bedrooms X Bathrooms X Source: adapted from Visit Britain (2005, p.7) 4.2 SERVQUAL system  When using the SERVQUAL system, which is largely based largely upon the results of customer satisfaction surveys, although all hotels would be looking to achieve the maximum service quality satisfaction level of 100% in terms of the overall scoring, there is a significant difference in the way this would be achieved when related to the different standard of establishments. To provide an example of how this equates in practice, the following is a comparison between the SERVQUAL requirements of a 5 star hotel against lower rated hotel, such as the budget Travelodge hotel chain (figure 5). Figure 5 SERVQUAL comparisons SERVQUAL criterion 5-star hotel Travelodge Tangibility 20% 20% Reliability 20% 30% Responsiveness 20% 15% Assurance 20% 25% Empathy 20% 10% Total 100% 100% It is apparent from the above comparison that the 5-star establishment requires their quality of service to be more balanced, in other words no one area of their product should be delivering a lower quality of service than any other. However, with the budget chain, which operates on a low cost strategy that eliminates much of the human resources and food elements, these specific areas are shown to have less importance to the business, but need to be compensated by increased levels of satisfaction in other areas of quality if the business is to remain successful. What is immediately apparent from the analysis of the two quality assurance systems identified above as being used within the hotel sector is their compatibility. This not only applies to the systems per se, but also to the measurement of the results. In both cases an upscale hotel would need to achieve a balanced score with high ratings in all of the quality determinants if it is to maintain its market position and be perceived by the potential customer as a quality (5 star) hotel. Conversely, the lower quality hotels pay less attention to those areas of the standards that are more directly related to the quality of service provided by their human resources, relying instead upon other elements to satisfy customer quality perception, such as low cost (Porter 2004). Whilst it could therefore be stated in simple terms that quality assurance is related to the price being paid for the product, what research such as that conducted by Shahin (2006), Ziethaml et al (1990) and Holbrook (1999), and the fact that all hotels, irrespective of their standards, operate quality assurance systems, shows is that price is simply one element required to fulfil customer satisfaction needs. Whatever price is being charged for the hotel product the customer will still weigh the experience received against the value they expect from the product enjoyed at that price (Zeithaml 1988 and Parasuraman et at 1994). A customer who decides to spend a greater amount of his or her disposable income on arranging to stay in a 5-star hotel will have a much greater value expectation than one who chooses a budget hotel stay. The former will expect the service quality to exist in all aspects of the hotel product. This includes the dà ©cor and the ambiance of the environment, the facilities that are being offered, including meals and room service, and the performance of the hotels human resources. If these quality expectations are not met that customer will perceive that they have not received value for money and therefore will view the experience as less than satisfactory. Therefore, they will be unlikely to promote the hotel in a positive manner to others or re-use it. It is apparent that in the case of an upscale or5-star hotel the combination of the industry Star Rating and SERVQUAL quality assurance systems will have a significant impact upon their service quality and the level of customer satisfaction achieved from using the product. In terms of the Star Rating system, the higher the star rating the greater the expectation of the customer in terms of their perception of the quality that will be found in this establishment. Therefore, the five star establishments are likely to attract customers who wish to avail themselves of the higher quality experience.   With regard to the external SERVQUAL system of measurement, because these are results from customer experiences, the greater the levels of quality achieved in the areas measured, the more likely it is that customers will be retained and act as recommenders to other potential customers. In both cases therefore, it can be concluded that the quality assurance system is designed to achieve competitive advantage by attracting additional market share, thus improving the hotels revenue and profitability levels. Agrawal (2000). Managing service industries in the new millennium: Evidence is everything. Paper presented at the AIMS Convention on Service Management  Berry L L and Parasuraman, A (1991). Marketing Services: Competing Through Quality,  Free Press. New York, US  Boztepe, Suzan (2007). User Value: Competing theories and models.  International Journal of Design,  Vol. 1, Issue. 2, pp.55-63.  Brennan, Ross (2003). Value in Marketing: Confusion or Illumination? Available from: http://mubs.mdx.ac.uk/Research/Discussion_Papers/  Marketing/dpap%20marketing%20no25.pdf (Accessed 22 December 2008)  BSI (2008). ISO 9001Quality. Available from: http://www.bsi-global.com/en/Assessment-and-certification-services  /management-systems/Standards-and-Schemes/ISO-9001/ (Accessed 22 December 2008)  Chetwynd, Catherine and Knight, Jenny (2007). Time to capitalise on falling hotel occupancy.  The Times. London, UK.  Christopher, M. (1996). From brand values to customer value.  J ournal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science,  Vol. 2, Issue.2, pp.55-66.  Dotchin, J.A and Oakland, J.S (1994). Total Quality Management in Services: Part 3: Distinguishing perceptions of Service Quality.  International Journal of Quality reliability Management, Vol. 11, Issue. 4, pp.6-28  Gale, B. T. (1994). Managing customer value. Free Press. New York, US.  Harrison, Jeffrey S (2003). Strategic Management: Of Resources and Relationship.  John Wiley Sons Inc.  New York, US.  Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten and Hansen, Ursula (eds) (2000). Relationship Marketing: Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Customer Satisfaction and Customer Retention.  Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidleberg. New York, US.  Holbrook, M. B. (Ed.). (1999). Consumer value: A framework for analysis and research.  Routledge. New York, US.  Kandampully, Jay., Mox, Connie and Sparks, Beverley (2001). Service Quality Management in Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure.  Haworth Press. New Yo rk, US.  Kotler P (1999). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control (Millennium ed.) Englewood Cliffs, N J;  Prentice-Hall, 279-317.  Parasuraman, A. (1997). Reflections on gaining competitive advantage through customer value. Academy of Marketing Science, 25(2), 154-161.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1991), Refinement and reassessment of the SERVQUAL scale.  Journal of Retailing, Vol. 67, pp. 420-450.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1993), Research note: more on improving service quality measurement,  Journal of Retailing, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 140-147.  Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V.A. and Berry, L.L. (1994), Reassessment of expectations as a comparison standard in measuring service quality: implications for future research,  Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, pp. 111-124.  Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance.  Free Press. New York, US  Porter, M .E (2004). Competitive Advantage. Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors.  Free Press.  New York, US  Sahney, S., Banwet, D.K., and Karunes, S. (2004), A SERVQUAL and QFD approach to total quality education: A student perspective,  International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol.53, No.2, pp. 143-166.  Schiffman, L g and L L Kanuk (2000). Consumer Behaviour.  FT Prentice Hall, New Jersey, US.  Shahin, Dr. Arash (2005). SERVQUAL and Models of Service Quality Gaps: A Framework for Determining and Prioritizing Critical Factors in Delivering Quality Systems. Available:  Visit Britain (2008 a). UK Market Profile 2007. Available from: http://www.tourismtrade.org.uk/  Images/UK_DMarketing_tcm12-22850.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  Visit Britain (2008 b). Britain Inbound: Overall Market Profile. Available from: http://www.tourismtrade.org.uk/Images/Inbound  FINAL_2008_%20BritInbound3F_tcm12-40935.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  V isit London (2005). Hotel Accommodation; Quality Standards. Available from: http://www.qualityintourism.com/content/pdfs/Standards/  Hotel%20Standard%20INT.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2008)  Yavas, U., Yasin, M and Wafa, m (1995). Front and back-stage strategies in service delivery in the hospitality industry: a conceptual framework.  Market Intelligence Planning.  Vol. 13, Issue, 11, pp.22-26  Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketin,, Vol. 52, Issue. 3, pp.2-22  Zeithaml, V.A., Parasuraman, A. and Berry, L.L. (1990),  Delivering quality service; Balancing customer perceptions and expectations.  The Free Press, New York, NY.

ERADICATION OF CHILD LABOUR :: essays research papers

Registration No. F-509/Latur PEOPLE’S INSTITUTE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, (PIRD) AN APPEAL EDUCATIONAL AWARENESS PROGRAMME FOR ERADICATION OF CHILD LABOUR 1. Background of the Organisation : Inspired by the Nationwide call of Mahatma Gandhi ‘March towards Village,’ People’s Institute of Rural Development - PIRD was established in the year 1983. PIRD is working for landless labour, poor farmers, child labour & women groups related to rural development programmes. Campaign against child labour and education for child labour are also our major programmes. 2. Facts about Child Labour : We always compare children with flowers and butterflies because of their common virtues like innocence, ever present freshness and tension free lifestyle. We do not differentiate between children and butterflies as far as their playfulness is concerned. We also consider our children as future pillars of our Nation. But the reality is stark opposite and very pathetic which will disturb any good hearted human of our society. Presently, about 11 crores children of age group 9 to 14 , are working as child labours. This makes 10% of our total population. All these children have missed out pleasant moments of their childhood and ultimately they will remain away from the mainstream of social development. If we as a society ignore these facts and neglect this situation, it may prove to be harmful to all of us. 3. Role of PIRD : For the last 8 years, PIRD is taking various innovative steps for prevention and eradication of child labour. The organisation has arranged different programmes like non-formal education, Bridge course camp, Campaign for educational awareness, educational centre at village level and overall social awareness, etc. for child labours. Though this approach has not proved to be very successful, it has definitely made at least a partial impact on the overall campaign. After visualizing the gravity of the problem, it becomes absolutely necessary for everyone to participate for the cause of total eradication of child labour. We are aware that the success of the programme depends on every ones active participation. The main cause of the child labour is economical, though level of education and social backwardness are also important factors. If we try to solve these problems, the rate of child labour will reduce by 50 percent. With this confidence, for the last three years we are conducting th e programmes of educational awareness for eradication of child labour. 4. Causes of Child Labour : Problems faced by parents, social backwardness, illiteracy and dislike for schooling, etc.

Contingency Approach to Management

Contingency approach to management is a modern approach that has attempted to integrate findings of other perspectives. Contingency refers to the immediate (contingent or touching) circum ­stances.This approach was developed during 1960s and 1970s and based on the idea that it is impossible to select one way of managing all situations, and for this reason managers have to identify the conditions of a task, managerial job and persons as parts of a complete management situation and attempt to integrate them all into a solution which is most appropriate for a specific circumstance.The main contributors are Fred Fiedler (1967), Jay Lorsch, Paul Lawrence, Joan Woodward, etc (The Contingency Approach to Management, 2006). According to contingency approach, the manager has to try systematically to identify which technique or approach will, in a particular circumstance or context, best contribute to the attainment of the desired goals.The distinctive feature of this approach is that it see ks to apply to real life situations ideas taken from different schools of management thought. The problem is that there is no a universal approach to management, and for this reason different problems require different approaches. Also, the contingency approach stresses the need for managers to examine the relationship between the internal and external envi ­ronment of an organization.â€Å"Contingency analysis indicates, for example, that a set of complex tasks are necessary to bring about significant educational improvements, planners can sequence the tasks in ways that allow managers to focus on less complex problems before tackling more difficult ones† (Amey, 1986). Organizational requirements, culture and structure are constantly changing and needed continual efforts to maintain effective work ­ing relationships.The con ­tingency approach examines each situation to find out its unique attributes before management makes a decision.This approach can be described as t ask-oriented, because decisions are made in each individual situation. In spite of evident benefits and advantages, this approach is criticized because most of the decisions are intuitive and lack theoretical foun ­dation (Amey, 1986). ReferencesAmey, L.R. (1986). A Conceptual Approach to Management. Durham, NC: Praeger Publishers.The Contingency Approach to Management. (2006) Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Comp-De/Contingency-Approach-to-Management.html

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer

How to Write a Research Paper on Breast Cancer Research Paper on Breast Cancer How to start a research paper on breast cancer Tips on how to start Example of an outline Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Example of an introduction How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Tips on body writing Example of the 1st body paragraph Example of the 2nd body paragraph Example of the 3rd body paragraph How to finish a research paper on breast cancer Tips on conclusion writing Example of a conclusion Tips on research paper revision How to start a research paper on breast cancer The first is to think about the introductory part of the research paper on breast cancer that aims to catch the eyes of the reader. Researching is important to know more about the prevalence of breast cancer, the cause, the prevalence, and the impact on the population. The rationale is to gain more knowledge about breast cancer that is potentially hazardous to the longevity and the health and well-being of the person. Tips on how to start A research paper must have an introduction to introduce the topic that will try to familiarize the leaders about the topic that will be discussed. The researcher should collect important data to ensure that the research process is ready to consolidate and present it to the audience. There should be an outline for each research study on a certain topic such as breast cancer as one of the most dangerous diseases in the world today. Identify what method of analysis will be applied to the research paper if it is either qualitative or quantitative. A research paper must have at least a thesis statement that provides a formal way to introduce the topic to the readers. Example of an outline I. Introduction A. Background about breast cancer B. Problem statement about breast cancer C. History of breast cancer D. Thesis II. Body Section A. Factors affecting breast cancer B. Why breast cancer is a concerning disease III. Body Section A. Complications of breast cancer B. Pathophysiology of breasts with cancer IV. Body Section A. Diagnostic testing B. Breast cancer treatment C. Prevention against breast cancer V. Conclusion A. Relating the background of the story B. Restating the thesis. Example of a breast cancer research paper thesis Women who fail to conduct breast self-assessment indicate lack of awareness about the risk of developing breast cancer. Others do not undergo a regular check-up to determine if they are either at risk or not for developing breast cancer. Females only notice that they are now suffering if they are already feeling the signs and symptoms until it is already too late to undergo for treatment. Example of introduction Breast cancer is defined as the process of suffering from both benign and malignant tumors on either or both of the breasts of the patient. This is caused by either a modifiable or nonmodifiable risk factor which concerns with the severity and the prevalence on the presence of cancer cells on the affected parts of the body. Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease, especially if the stage of the disease is already on its terminal stage without being screened (Siu, 2016). The cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body, causing another form of infection to the affected tissue or organ of the body. This paper will be discussing the prevalence rate, mortality, and morbidity of breast cancer, which affects millions of patients around the world. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on breast cancer Every researcher should know that the body paragraph of every research paper is important because it seeks to expound the main discussion of the subject. The body is where the main topic is being discussed. Researchers will be able to define, relate examples, and its impacts on the target individuals regarding the issues that are relevant to the research topic. Tips on body writing The body should be segmented into different parts that separately discuss several key issues relevant to the main subject of the study. Each segment should have a literature study to further explain the significance of the main subject matter to different kinds of topics being discussed from the paper. The body needs credible sources as the researcher explains the relevance of the subject matter through specific details that are connected with the research topic. Each discussion from every segment of the research should be supported with examples to narrate the whole scenario of the topic being discussed. Each discussion should be always concise and not be beating around the bush. Example of the 1st body paragraph The modifiable cause of breast cancer is related to the lifestyle of the patient, which affects their health. This includes their sedentary lifestyle, which plays an important role in limiting their proactive lifestyle, impacting their health and longevity. The non-modifiable factor is attributed to their gender as a female because most sufferers of breast cancers are all females. Heredity and age is also an inevitable scenario, impacting the risk of developing similar health care situation to the next generation kin of the patients (Biswas, Oh, Faulkner, Bajaj, Silver, Mitchell Alter, 2015). Example of the 2nd body paragraph Breast cancer is a life-threatening disease of the human body. Visible signs and symptoms include unusual enlargement of the breast, lump on the breast, tenderness of the breast, and unusual discharges from the breast. If left untreated, palliative care is the only applicable treatment applied to the patient (Moyer, 2013). Example of the 3rd body paragraph Surgical removal of the cancerous cyst is recommended for patients suffering from the disease. This includes double mastectomy so that the patient’s affected organs and tissues will no longer infect other parts of the body. Radiation or chemotherapy is the most common treatment applied to the patient along with the medication regimen as well as screening procedures (Gotzsche Jorgensen, 2013). How to finish a research paper on breast cancer It is best to finish the research paper with wrapping up what has been said and giving recommendations. This is to end the conversation between a reader and the presented research. Tips on conclusion writing Provide a detailed outline of the research regarding the pertinent data being discussed. Always use a concise way of concluding each paragraph. State your final thoughts about the main subject of the topic such as the impact of breast cancer on the society. Reveal insight corresponding to the issue is associated with the relevance of breast cancer prevalence to the society. Recommendations should be applied for the concluding paragraph, stating what can be done to prevent breast cancer development to the society. Example of a conclusion It has been concluded that breast cancer is prevalent if the patient was not aware of the proper handling of diet management and having an uncontrollable sedentary lifestyle. Even if you are at risk, breast cancer is still a disease that could affect your health and longevity. We should realize that breast cancer is a life-threatening disease and could happen to anyone who was practicing a poor healthy lifestyle. Preventive measures such as engaging in a productive dissemination and awareness program are important to increase the number of individuals who are willing to cooperate with health care professionals. Tips on research paper revision It is important to proofread before finalizing the paper this is to check all grammatical inconsistencies or grammars. Check if the sources exist online so that it is easier for the audience to have an access to the facts. Refer to your research adviser to know other issues that are needed to be changed or revised. Never consider your paper as the final output prior to your defense. Proofread multiple times as possible before submitting to the adviser or prior to defense. References Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS Alter DA (2015). Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  162  (2): 123–32.   Gà ¸tzsche PC, Jà ¸rgensen KJ (2013). Screening for breast cancer with mammography..  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.  6: CD001877.   Moyer VA (2013). Medications for Risk Reduction of Primary Breast Cancer in Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement..  Annals of Internal Medicine.  159: 698–708.   Siu, Albert L. (12 January 2016). Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.  Annals of Internal Medicine.  164: 279–96.

Andrew Jackson Essays - Second Party System, Taney Court

Andrew Jackson Essays - Second Party System, Taney Court Andrew Jackson Guardians of Freedom? The first and truest ideals of democracy were embodied in the political ideas of Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonian democrats. Calling themselves the guardians of the United States Constitution, the Jacksonian politicians engendered wide spread liberty under a government which represented all men, rather than only the upper class. While some policies under the democrats had evident flaws, they were, for the most part, eager social reformers who strived to put the power of government into the hands of the common citizens. The convictions and ideals of the Jacksonian Democrats can be best illustrated through a passage written by George Henry Evans. Evans was an editor with strong democratic principles who created The Working Mens Declaration of Independence (Doc. A). Within the declaration, Evans stresses the importance of establishing democracy. He uses words and phrases from Jeffersons Declaration of Independence to clarify his points and stress his convictions. Stating the absolute necessity of the organization of the party, Evans explains that it will be possible to prevent the upper class from subverting the indefeasible and fundamental privilege of liberty. And finally, Evans states that it is the common citizens right to use every constitutional means necessary to reform the abuses and provide new guards for future security. In doing so, he documented the characteristic attitude of the majority of the country in the 1820s and 1830s. Evans was only one of the many Jacksonian democrats to contribute to the success of the party and to the reforms that they made. Chief Justice Roger B. Taneys opinion in the Supreme Court Case of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge was a capitalist decision which was a typical response for a Jacksonian democrat (Doc. H). This decision stated that while the Charter of 1785 allowed the Charles River Bridge to be constructed, it did not prohibit any other bridges from being constructed. Therefore, Taney decided that the capitalistic competition would be healthy for the economy of the regions along the Charles River. In doing this, Taney was eliminating the monopolies of the elite and creating equal economic opportunities for all citizens. As a result, Taney contributed to one of the major achievements of the Jacksonian Democrats - to create economic equality. The President of the United States of America and leader of the Democratic party, Andrew Jackson, was perhaps the most outspoken democrat of the time. He used his position as leader of the country to give more power to the common man. Even before his election as president, he succeeded in having the property qualification eliminated, therefore, increasing the voting population tremendously. Jackson became the first president truly elected by the common man, rather than only high society. For the first time in the history of the nation, the middle class received the opportunity to participate in the government that ruled them. Jackson did not stop with the reformation of the election process. Instead, he attacked the Bank of the United States and vetoed the re-charter for the institution. President Jackson explained that the banks stock was held by only foreigners and a few hundred rich American citizens. As a result, the bank maintained an exclusive privilege of banking... - a monopoly (Doc. B). The Democrats believed the bank to be a tool of rich oppression and a dangerous institution because the men in power were of the highest class and utterly irresponsible to the people. So, President Jackson vetoed the re-charter and it was closed. The money was dispersed into several state banks and the monopoly was disintegrated. Indeed, the Democrats succeeded in creating a new government for the rule of a society of middle class citizens. And, the middle class began to prosper under the struggle for economic equality. Visiting the United States in 1834, Harriet Martineau reported the prosperity of the country (Doc. D). She discovered the absence of poverty, gross ignorance, and insolence of manner as well as towns with newspapers and libraries. She also reported on political debated with common citizens as judges. It is quite clear that the expansion of suffrage, support for individual rights, and advances of democratic society were responsible for the prosperity of the time. However, it would be both irrational and naive to assume that the ideals of Jacksonian democrats were without flaw. And it would be preposterous to conceive a period in American history without its low points. This holds true for the period of 1820 - 1830 as well. A number of middle class citizens misinterpreted democratic reforms as an opportunity to disregard

Literature and Modern Media 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature and Modern Media 2 - Essay Example It is a mid-size entry-level luxury car and - so far – it has become Lincoln’s bestselling model since its introduction. The ad sought to articulate these features and the benefits in a short and engaging communication content. The difficulty in communicating all the features and benefits of the Lincoln MKZ was addressed by using metaphors depicted in compelling imagery. There are many sources that support the efficacy of using metaphors to produce compelling and persuasive advertisement. Among the most excellent of these is MacQuarrie and Phillips’ (2008) work, which documented numerous studies that demonstrate how metaphors induce a certain mental imagery that influences the behavior of people or, in the case of television advertisements, the viewers. They cited the case of a simulation where subjects were presented a poem with many metaphors and that based on the recorded participants’ interpretations, combined with sufficient exposure to visual images, were revealed to conjure mental imageries that support the construction and effectiveness of persuasive messages (39). The dynamics of the studies that revolve around this theme falls within the wider argument of the use of pathos in advertising and marketing. MacQuarrie and Phillips drew an analogy from the ancient Greeks, who coined the concept in their perfection of the art of rhetoric. They cited that pathos, which is the technique of appealing to emotions, is crucial in cultivating, diverting, enhancing or creating – whatever the need was – in some type of manipulation in order to achieve a desired emotional response (39). The idea – when applied in the context of marketing – is to increase the audience’s attitude towards the ad (39). Hoang (2005), describing a particularly adept marketer, had these words that expresses the impact of this particular method excellently: There was a feeling. As the feeling faded away into a labored, recalled me mory, it left another feeling, the feeling of desire. That was effective advertising (44). So, if one considers the metaphors used in the Lincoln MKZ ad, one could not help but recognize the pathos and the desire to influence by eliciting emotional response with the help of words and visual images. For instance, the video opens with the 2013 Lincoln MKZ’s comparison with the titular phoenix. Here, the introduction of the redesign and the new generation of Lincoln MKZ were achieved. There was the image of the old Lincoln model, which with the clever use of fire and graphical transformation, depicted the concept the phoenix in the process of being born, only that the bird did not really materialize. Rather, the 2013 MKZ emerged in its stead. To explain the utility of the metaphor, it is crucial to view it this way: emotion is difficult to verbalize. Therefore, in order to communicate to the emotion of others, metaphors must be used in order to be effective. â€Å"When emotions ,† wrote Malamed (2009), â€Å"seem ambiguous and ethereal, metaphors help make them explicit and tangible† (220). Stylistic and technical features were embedded in the comparison with the â€Å"hawk with night vision goggles†. The fun and car solidity were conveyed in the use of the beat of the drum set in a montage with the steady rhythm of machines, carving the hull of the

Backchannel Responses in Japanese-English Encounters Essay - 1

Backchannel Responses in Japanese-English Encounters - Essay Example Given that the speaker and the listener belong to different backgrounds, the paper explores the evolving differences that present themselves, in responses across different language, gender, and cultural contexts. Â  Since communication takes root in feelings and ideas and manifests itself in behavior, the paper reviews existing research literature and examines if backchannel responses, in the intercultural context of English and Japanese encounters, have played any role explicitly or implicitly in improving communication between the two groups. Analyzing cross-cultural interactions, its value addition to intercultural communication is also studied. Â  The paper then critically scrutinizes convergence and divergence codes among the two groups and tests it in the background of the communication accommodation theory. Investigating into the speaking skills of the listener, the paper construes, that the non-native listener in a conversation with a native speaker, needs to use verbal and non-verbal backchannel responses, informatively and contextually to avoid misunderstanding brought-about by local and foreign interculturality. Â  Charles C. Fries, a renowned American lexicographer, and grammarian was one of the first known researchers to reveal backchannel responses in a published work. Later on, the study of backchannel responses was taken up by researchers from a variety of disciplines - communication studies, sociology, linguistics, and psychology. Â  Since each discipline approached the subject differently, they provided diverse terminologies for the concept of backchannel responses.

Is Iran Seeking Regional Hegemony Research Paper

Is Iran Seeking Regional Hegemony - Research Paper Example This Islamic republic has a set of claims indicated by the supreme leader and the existing guardian council and does not take into account the perception created by the opposition parties or the media. Thus, the Iran government is more capable of coming up with long term strategies aimed at achieving its goals. Financial support, diplomatic activity, trade and the diplomatic activity is an important part of the core strategy of this country as a hard power. However, its efforts to brand itself as an Islamic world leader have not been successful. Its aspiration to undertake regional hegemony and recognize its lead in the overall international status is mainly invented from its large population and territory, its geographical location, its central status at the central of the Islamic-Shiite world, its overall history as a respected regional empire and its economic and the potential of its military. In the recent years, the country is making an effort to expend its overall regional and international territories. This is in line with the Mearsheimer’s hegemony theory which indicates that the existing conflict between the great powers will never end. Iran is seeking regional hegemony through controlling Iraq, Syria, Hezbollah and Houthis Group. According to Mearsheimer, various states are always looking for opportunities to gain high power over other nations who are their main rivals. He indicates that states pursue power due to the anarchic system where they operate (Ottolenghi 2010, 67). In the international politics level, there is no single hierarchy to seek for help or protect one state when they are attacked by another. Thus, states are always relying on themselves for security and expand their military, geographical and economic power to ensure that their security is enhanced. Moreover, Mearsheimer indicates that a state derives power to thrive in international politics and derives the strength of its

Consider how Shakespeare presents madness Essay Example for Free

Consider how Shakespeare presents madness Essay Consider how Shakespeare presents madness in the play and explain whether you think it does illustrate how, something is rotten in the state of Denmark. One of the main themes in Hamlet is that of madness. Shakespeare conveys madness through not only Hamlet but through other characters as well, such as Ophelia, to covey that that the state of Denmark is rotten. At the beginning of the play, the first thing introduced are the night watchmen seeing the ghost. This is at the beginning because it is the first event in the chain that eventually leads to Hamlet seeking revenge for his fathers death. Although he was upset by his fathers death and his mothers oerhasty marriage, it was the revelation that his father was murdered that he thinks that he must take revenge. When Horatio first speaks to the ghost he recognises that it is unnatural for it to be there; What art thou that unsurpst this time of night, illustrating that he feels that the ghost has wrongfully seized the night. The atmosphere is unsettling and the ghosts unnatural appearance is a sign of the bad things going on in Denmark, especially the court; This bodes some strange eruption to our state. During the times that the play was written, unusual things that happened were seen as a sign that something was not right in the courts; Something is rotten in the state of Denmark. This could be referring either to the whole of Denmark, or just the courts. It is after Hamlet sees the ghost that he decides that he will pretend to be mad; put an antic disposition on, but he does not want his friends to tell anyone what they have seen or that he is feigning madness; Never make known what you have seen tonight, as he believes that this way he can find means to exact his revenge on Claudius for killing his father; And thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain, meaning that all he shall have in his thoughts is how the ghost of his father told him to exact revenge on Claudius. This is the first step in the theme of madness for the play. Although Hamlet clearly says that he will be putting on his madness, it is uncertain whether actually he does go mad during the play, as illustrated in his outbursts towards his mother and Ophelia, and the murder of Polonius. There is much deception during the play, such as Claudius trying to gloss over the fact that he knows that his marriage to Gertrude could be seen as incest by the Church and that Hamlet should have been the rightful heir to the throne; Yet so far hath discretion fought with nature that we with wisest sorrow think on him together with remembrance of ourselves. He says that he is mourning and feels that mourning is appropriate for the old king, but he must think of himself, perhaps hinting at the fact that the death was convenient for him and he has had enough of mourning. This is characteristic of him throughout the play as all he has done and will do is for his own self interest, as when Hamlet asks if he can leave the castle, Claudius refuses, saying; And we beseech you, bend you to remain here in the cheer and comfort of our eye. He appears to be asking him to stay for his comfort, but he actually wants to keep an eye on him because he knows that he is still a threat to him and the throne. He at first seemed to want Hamlet to become like a son to him, but that changes as soon as he realises he could be a threat to him. He also continually uses the words we, our and us to establish himself as the husband of Gertrude and the King of Denmark. Polonius comments; with pious action we do sugar oer the devil himself. To which Claudius replies as an aside; The harlots cheek, beautied with plastering art, is not more ugly to the thing that helps it than is my deed to my most painted word. Claudius admits that he is covering up the truth, continuing the theme of deception, adding to the audiences awareness of the rottenness of Denmark. As there becomes more deception and secrecy throughout the play, it seems that the imagery in the language reflects the deception, and images of disease are used; For the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion. This could be language to refer to how that state of Denmark is rotting, but also Hamlets language seems to reflect his turmoil as he tried to decide what to do about Claudius, and as he gets more frustrated with himself he becomes more abusive towards his mother and Ophelia; You are keen my lord, you are keen. It would cost you a groaning to take off mine edge. He is taunting Ophelia using double meaning. Hamlet is very good at creating double meanings, like when he says to Claudius; I am to much ithsun, which he says as if he is in too much sunshine but also he is saying that he feels too much like Claudiuss son. Later in the play the text says; It will but skin and film the ulcerous place, whiles rank corruption, mining all within, infects unseen. He is saying that corruption, like infection starts within, and the corruption of Denmark will begin with the court. This also links in with madness because madness also starts from within within the mind, and perhaps it is saying that just one unstable mind could bring down all the state. Another way that Shakespeare presents madness in the play is through Ophelia. She goes mad after Hamlet kills her father, but also because of the way Hamlet treated her cruelly. He said to her that he loved her, and there were some hints that he had been intimate with her, but he treats her badly and even tells her that he does not love her. She has been a victim of a corrupt society from Hamlet leaving her and from her father, such as using her as a pawn to spy on Hamlet. After she has become mad, she sings many songs. The first one that she sings is, How should I you true love know. This song could be her recalling the death of her father; He is dead and gone lady, he is dead and gone. This is the first thing that comes into her mind to sing about, so it must be the thing that is foremost in her mind. It could also be that she is recalling how Hamlet is now lost to her, and she is still looking for her true love, because it seems obvious that she has not found him yet. However, the rest of the songs seem to be about Hamlet, as they are about lost love and some of them imply that Ophelia had been sexually intimate with Hamlet; Quoth she, before you tumbled me you promised me to wed. It seems that both her father and Hamlet are responsible for Ophelias madness, and this is reiterated by what Ophelia sings about. Ophelia was controlled all the men in her life, and this was customary for the time, but it seems that they took too much of a hold on her, with none of them considering her feelings, for her father told her to no longer speak to Hamlet as it could affect his career, Laertes also told her to stay away from Hamlet and Hamlet was cruel to her. She also says, after her first song; They say the owl was a bakers daughter. This could just be nonsense, but it could also be referring to her father, saying that once she was the daughter of a man in the court, but now she is just the daughter of a dead old man. Polonius did help the corruption in Denmark, such as spying and trying to make sure his own career was safe, and because of him Ophelia is mad. Hamlet also said that he loved Ophelia, and whereas before he was tender, due to the corruption around him and his succumbing to it, he was a factor in Ophelias madness, which eventually led to her suicide. By the actions of people around her, Ophelia is tainted by the corruptness around, as Hamlet says in the beginning of the play says that she is pure, but later on says she is wanton like all women, and tells her; to a nunnery go. This could be to send her to be protected, or it could be a sarcastic remark telling her to go to a brothel.

Civil Unions Should Have the Same Status as Marriage Essay -- Gay Marr

Gay people hear the government talk about civil unions and domestic partnerships everyday being equal to marriage, and that is just completely observed. The gay community is being feed lies. As far as I'm concerned marriage doesn't exist in the gay community. Unfortunately marriage is only recognized between a man and a women. In fact there are states that try recognize same sex relationships, but we do not enjoy the same rights as a hereto married couple at the state level. We are not aloud to make decisions for our partners in life threatening events. We don't even have the right to be by a partner's side in the hospital because we're not classified as married. Gay couples can't even leave things to their partner because we are quote UN quote not married. If all people are created equal then marriage should be for the people. We call America a free place but we don't all have the same rights as other American people. If civil union is equal to marriage why don't straight people have a civil union? Because it's not real its fabricated! We want our marriages to be treated the same way as any other marriage: No more, no less. We want to take care of our families & ensure that they are taken care of/get whatever benefits we are entitled to should we become sick or die. I don't understand why some marriages are honored and others are not. People should be able to wed when someone truly loves someone regardless of their sexual orientation. As far as I know gay marriage is not recognized because of religion. We are all American people and we are being shorted out of love and happiness. Gay people pay tax dollars just like straight people. So why are we being treated differently. It seems like our rights ... ... have come a long way over the last few years. Civil unions are still considered new so not everyone recognizes them as marriage. I was also very surprised to find out that when a gay couple says they are in a civil union they are seen as being single. Another thing that was brought to my attention was the act of a civil union in one state don't count in another where as marriage does. Religion and government is the main reason civil unions are not passed in other states. Some states don't even recognized that a civil union would exist between two people because they don't count. If you are in a gay relationship the best place to live is Vermont because everything is equal. I was right about civil unions they are the same as marriage and they are seen as almost as a subtute to marriage. Civil unions need to be the same as marriages in order to make everyone happy.