When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? Ethical Dilemmas in Research In considering the articles we read this week, it is my opinion that the single most important ethical dilemma raised was a violation of autonomy caused by either a lack of informed consent or in the case of the Willowbrook hepatitis studies, consent that was obtained through somewhat questionable practices. The Tuskegee Syphilis subjects were not informed at all that they would be denied treatment, in fact, they were implicitly lied to by the leaders of their community and lead to believe that they were going to get free medical care, blood tests and examinations. (Munson Lague, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "When Ethical Dilemmas During Research Happen" essay for you Create order In the case of Willowbrook, the research subjects were both mentally incapable of consent and below the age of consent, so the researchers appealed to the parents of the children. While they were initially informed of the nature of the experiment and given time to consider and consult with psychiatrists and their own physicians during the latter part of the experiment, when admissions were restricted because of overcrowding, parents were told the only way they could get their child into Willowbrook was by admitting their child into the Hepatitis Research Unit and the study. Parents were led to believe that the research would lead to better health and better care for their children because they would be isolated from other endemic illnesses at Willowbrook and gain protection against Hepatitis itself. (Munson Lague, 2008) Without all of the necessary information and available options, participants and their proxies could not give informed consent, therefore their autonomy was violated . In consideration of this, neither study should have been conducted even though there were good things that came out of the Willowbrook study. In both research projects, harm was caused to both sets of participants however, only one deliberately withheld available effective treatment. Krugman intentionally infected children with hepatitis and justified this action by saying that they wouldve gotten it anyway because almost everyone at Willowbrook gets it eventually. (Munson Lague, 2008) As it turned out, infecting the children with hepatitis did in fact protect them to some degree. In the Tuskegee study, not only were the subjects lied to and not treated, the whole intent of the project was not to find a cure, but to find out if syphilis affected black people the same way as it did white people. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee study was a catalyst for the passage of the 1974 National Research Act. It changed the way research using human subjects with federal funding would be carried out by requiring that Institutional Review Boards be created to oversee ethical applications. It also required written informed consent allowing the use of a persons cells and tissues for research, laid out parameters that determine if a project is legitimate from an ethical standpoint and it distinguished research from practice. These parameters were respect for persons, beneficence and justice. (Munson Lague, 2008) The Tuskegee experiments did not take all of these parameters into account. Participants were chosen specifically because of their race and they were poor and easily enticed to participate by offers of free care and treatment. In 1986, Saul Krugman explained in further detail about the ethical concerns of the Willowbrook experiment in an article titled The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. He brought up several issues that I did not learn from our textbook. When Willowbrook was initially returned back to the NYS Office of Mental Hygiene after World War II, the initial residents to move in were transferred from Wassaic School and Letchworth Village, two other state schools for developmentally and physically disabled children that were also suffering from severe overcrowding and endemic diseases. (Krugman, 1986) The hepatitis strain prevalent in Willowbrook was able to be traced back to Wassaic. The majority of the children were severely mentally retarded and not toilet trained; this combined with overcrowding, offered little to no control over the spread of disease, including hepatitis. At one point, a letter had been sent to 5000 parents in an attempt to have parents bring their chi ld home instead of leaving them in Willowbrook, which resulted in 2 children going home. This was one of several failed attempts to ease overcrowding and control the spread of hepatitis. Krugmans study procedures included a one year long epidemiological survey, physical examinations and collection of serum specimens which were kept in a freezer. (Krugman, 1986) Normally the samples wouldve been discarded however, it would be almost 2 decades before the researchers realized the significance of this action. Enough evidence was produced in the survey to believe that admission to Willowbrook equated to eventual infection with hepatitis A. (Krugman, 1986) After the survey, it was decided to purposely infect children in the hopes of learning to control the incidence of hepatitis, provide some immunity to the children and ultimately develop a vaccine. In regard to obtaining parental consent, as we know from the weeks readings, initially all information about the study was disseminated to individual parents of the children but later the researchers adopted a group method which Krugman stated had a better response. Parents first met with a social worker who explained the project in detail and if they agreed, the parents came to a group session where they met Dr. Giles, nursing staff, attendants and the psychiatric social workers and other physicians interested in the project. (Krugman, 1986) The purpose of the group meetings was to explain in detail the benefits, hazards, and a question and answer period followed by a tour of the facility. (Krugman, 1986) A follow up contact was made a few weeks after the meeting and if parents consented, their child was enrolled. He pointed out that both the guidelines they used in their study and their methods for obtaining informed consent were similar to guidelines established years after the study began. I noticed in Krugmans article, he did not make mention of telling parents that the only way to have their child admitted to Willowbrook after new admissions were halted was to admit them into the Hepatitis Research Unit and enroll them into the study. If this truly happened, then it could be argued that the parents were victims of subtle coercion. An unintended discovery from the Willowbrook study was that there were actually 2 strains of hepatitis prevalent in the school; MS-1, (hepatitis A), and MS-2 (hepatitis B). Krugman retested serum samples that had been frozen during the epidemiological study after the Australia antigen was discovered in 1969 and was able to confirm evidence of exposure to both strains. The recommendation from the Commission on Viral Infections of the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board that the studies be continued was based on this information. (Krugman, 1986) Krugman maintained that the sole reason for conducting their studies at Willowbrook was because hepatitis was prevalent there and the motive was to protect the children and learn about the disease. Knowledge gained because of the Willowbrook studies ultimately had a positive effect for a large portion of society. Along with learning that there are 2 strains of hepatitis, researchers learned how it was spread and that immune globulin can prevent Hepatitis B. In addition, research showed that a 1:10 mixture of boiled MS-2 serum in distilled water provided some degree of protection against Hepatitis B. (Krugman, 1986) Knowledge gained also eventually led to development of inactivated vaccines from the plasma of patients known to be carriers of hepatitis B. References Krugman, S. (1986). The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 8(1), 157-162. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4453816 Munson, R., Lague, I. (2008). Intervention Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Analysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club - 1637 Words

Relationships define a connection between two beings, whether it be through blood, friendship, or romance. In most cases, the first group that people experience is with their families. The kinship people are born into comes with ups and downs, which may cause a rift between both parties. Thus, maintaining a seamless connection may become a struggle between two dissimilar individuals, â€Å"Like many relationships, we have our struggles, our misunderstandings, and our miscommunications. We are very different people, but also very similar at the same time† (Goreski). Amy Tan, an author of numerous novels, understands the battle of relationships, especially between culturally diverse mothers and daughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novel demonstrate how crucial communication is to her, specifically between a mother and daughter. In The Joy Luck Club, four women from China move to San Francisco to escape from their pasts. Their American-born daughters, however, seem to not comprehend why their mothers act and think the way they do. As the story unravels, the daughters and mothers come to understand each other. Jing-mei, one of the American-born daughters, is introduced withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Lee 11 September 2016 English 203H 1st Period 3 paragraphs â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† Journey of the Swan In Amy Tan’s story â€Å"The Joy Luck Club,† Jing-mei recalls the struggles she is burdened by in not understanding the extensive sacrifices her mother made and the guilt she carries of never living to be her mother’s swan. For the majority of her life, June has battled with the tedious thoughts of why her mother never seemed content with her. â€Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends andRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club, Homer s Odyssey1480 Words   |  6 PagesElbert Hubbard once said â€Å"Our desires always disappoint us; for though we meet with something that. 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The Performance Improvement Plan Preparing an Effective Plan 5. On-the-Job Coaching The Effective Coach Coaching Approaches and Techniques 6. Five Program Requirements An Effective Performance Review Program Posttest Test Answers and Reasons for

Child Care Center and Development

Question: Identify at least three ways how a child care center could be financed and explain how each may impact the financial management plan of the business. Discuss, in terms of applying these general concepts to your child care site how financing and management plan may or may not help you as a director of a child care development center. Critically analyze how the cash flow tutorial and record keeping forms that you completed can benefit a center director. Answer: Introduction: The two articles have used as a reference for gaining the knowledge regarding the starting and development of childcare center. The first article taken show the ways in which a childcare center is marketed and promoted and bring out various ways in which a childcare business sold. The article provides with the ways in which the childcare center would be financed by preparing a proper financial packages and funding methods. In addition, the current approach of funding the childcare center is suffering from various flaws and one of the reasons is low level of financing. In order to establish the center, there is a need to analyze the current funding system and propose a reform of center financing to suit the starters. Discussion: The childcare center could be financed using a combination of financing mechanism, which would raise enough money for running a quality childcare center (Makowiecki et al., 2012). A business proposal is needed when starting a new business and it would display a comprehensive budget needed for the operation of the business. The three ways in which a childcare center could be financed is a) through federal funding and this would include subsidy program for the working poor families. This would help poor families to prepare for school and life. b) The private sources contribute more than 55% to the expenditures concerning childcare. So private expenditures sources is another way of raising fund and it has no legal limit on the amount borrowed and as compared to the commercial sources it is much flexible. c) Funds can also be accessed through financial institution (Moore Johnson, 2015) The management and financing plan is of great help to the directors in carrying out the day-to-day operation activities and it would provide the director with the estimated income and expenses and their realistic projection. This would help in allocating the funds properly and according to priority. Moreover, he would be able to source the income generation (Strandell, 2012). Cash flow tutorial would help the director in determining the financial condition of the business and it would be possible for him to make a prediction regarding the cash flow of the business in the long run. Whether the business needs adjust the service or price of the product can be depicted through cash flow. In addition, the record maintenance would enable the business to operate efficiently. It would help the director to deal with the tax related issues and fringe benefits from tax return and sound business decision is taken if there is a track of the stakeholders of the company or business(Bonoli, 2013). Here, one of the points in notion is that the directors need to make projections not just for the cash on books but also on the actual flow of cash. The difference between the actual and the estimated value also needs to be projected and the realistic parameter needs to be considered rather than the theoretical one. Another point is to be taken in mind by the director is that t he actual cost of execution needs to be projected than going to the revenue as per the book opportunities. Conclusion: After researching the two articles several recommendations is made regarding the financing of childcare center and it provides the directors with several strategies. The financing of the center needs the attention of the government and funding by them needs to be expanded. The modeling of the proposal should be done to raise the needed funds and this would help in estimating the revenue and costs, which would enable to offset the cost. Reference: Bonoli, G. (2013).The origins of active social policy: Labour market and childcare policies in a comparative perspective. OUP Oxford. Moore, Q., Johnson, A. (2015). Is there a need for more school-based health centers in low-income neighborhoods?.Health Policy Research newsletter,10(3). Strandell, H. (2012). Policies of early childhood education and care. InThe Modern Child and the Flexible Labour Market(pp. 222-240). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Taguma, M., Litjens, I., Makowiecki, K. (2012).Quality Matters in Early Childhood Education and Care: Finland. OECD Publishing. 2, rue Andre Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.

Elections Essay Example For Students

Elections Essay 1.Elections in the eyes of the youth like you?The presidency is the most important office in the land. Thepresident is not just a political leader. He is expected to be the rolemodel for us and for our children. ..That is why in our culture, except during the time of President Coryand now GMA, we call him Ama ng Bansa, the father of the nation. Hischildren and his many subordinates disobey or rebel when he does not actlike the father of the nation he is supposed to be. Election is very bloody I could say because of the violence happeninghappen when the election is coming near, everybody who are running wants towin the position they are running for.Its nice to have the election to beclean and no violence or harm done to anyone. No death and life is lostjust because of the position . As we know leaders have our future so we must pick the right one,forthey will decide for us what will the future of the citizen of our countrywe should also pick the one whom we know will lead us to development andfor the better of the citizen of the people whom he needs to serve. ..How the May 14 elections turn out may determine whether we as anation deserve what we call People Power IIthat mountain-peak experiencelast January for which we have been applauded by the New York Times andother reputable publications all over the world. ..I believe that you, as graduates, have no right to dream of a brighterfuture in the years to come unless you are prepared, in light of theseevents, to work and fight for a better present, a better country, not inthe remote future but in the next few weeks. ..If those whom we elect to high office this coming May are qualified,competent, morally upright, and dedicated, we can expect competent, honestgovernance from them. And you who graduate today can look forward to abetter future where it is not whom you know but what you know and what youcan do that will really matter. 2.The kind of leader you want for our country?Characteristics of a LeaderThink of some important leaders youknow,whether they are good or bad. They may be ancient, modern, made-up, orreal. There are certain characteristics that make them a good leader, and,in the same line, a bad leader. In my opinion, the three most importantgood qualities of leader are honor, loyalty, and putting the people aheadof you. The first of these qualities, honor, is required because you wantyour people to trust you. Besides that, you want other leaders, from othernations to trust you. If you were dishonorable no one would trust you andshame you, and therefore shame your nation. The second of these qualitiesis loyalty. If you werent loyal, then no one would trust you also. Youwould be dishonored, and probably disowned. The last of these qualitiesis putting the people (your entourage) ahead of yourself. If doingsomething will benefit the good of your country, but may not benefityourself as much, you should do what helps your country, even if it meansdying for them. These are the most important, but not all of, thequalities you need to be a leader. If you have these three and nothingelse, you would still go down in history as a great leader. The youth is the hope of the motherland so says Dr.Jose P.Rizal. Do youreally think that theres still hope for our country ? Considering theattitudes ,mentality of the youths today?I still balieva that there is still hope until there is life therestill hope, its like trying and failing ,try and fail, try and fail, tryand fail, but the truth is you fail when you have stopped trying. .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .postImageUrl , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:visited , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:active { border:0!important; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:active , .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9 .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafe4caafd32274bb3d5bef632a9b16d9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Promoting the Erie Canal EssayAnd we youth are together we believe that we can everything with thehelp of God, and all can be lost but not hope ,because when you have losthope it just tells that you have stopped the faith and belief in your selfits like killing yourself,because you are not putting on mind and it provesthat you have self focus and you do not put anything,but its really hard tothink of hope when you set in yourself that there can be no more to expectbut loose. I think the youth today